present with Adam at the time of his primal sin. However, this is not the only way in which we could understand this phrase. It could be taken to mean something more like all post-Adamic humanity was constituted one metaphysical entity ‘with’ (or, less helpfully, perhaps, ‘in’) Adam by God. Then Adam and his posterity are one metaphysical entity, or God treats Adam and his progeny as one metaphysical entity for the purposes of original sin, rather like the temporal parts version of realism and creationism